Christopher Columbus encountered Puerto Rico in 1493 during his second voyage to the New World, naming it San Juan Bautista. On 12 August 1508, Juan Ponce de León invaded with a small army and became the island's first governor, establishing the town of Caparra near what is today San Juan Bay. The Taíno, the island's original inhabitants, ultimately could not resist Spanish weapons and were enslaved for mining work; their leader Agueýbana led a rebellion before falling in battle, and by 1514 fewer than 4,000 Taíno remained, prompting the introduction of African slave labor.
As mining resources dwindled, sugar cane cultivation became the island's economic engine. To defend Spain's treasure fleets from French, English and Dutch raiders, San Juan was fortified — construction of El Morro began in 1539 and successfully repelled an attack by Sir Francis Drake in 1595. The Dutch later besieged and burned part of the city under General Boudewijn Hendricksz, but again failed to take El Morro. San Juan was eventually encircled by a defensive wall, with Castillo San Cristóbal built to guard the city's eastern approach.
Puerto Rico became a U.S. territory in 1898 following the Spanish–American War and has been an unincorporated territory ever since — residents are U.S. citizens but cannot vote in presidential elections and have only non-voting representation in Congress, currently via Governor Jenniffer González-Colón and Resident Commissioner Pablo José Hernández Rivera.
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